The general purpose of any proposal is to persuade the
readers to do something whether it is to persuade a potential customer to
purchase goods and/ or service, or to persuade your employer to fund a project
or to implement a programme that you would like to launch.
Any proposal offers a plan to fill a need, and you reader
will evaluate your plan according to how well your written presentation answers
questions about WHAT you are planning to do with it, and How much it is going to
cost. To do this, you must find out the level of knowledge that your audience possesses
and take the position of all yours into account. You must also discern whether
your readers will be members of your technical discourse community, or of both,
and then use the appropriate materials and language to appeal to both. You
might provide, for those outside your specific area of expertise, an executive
summary written in no technical language use in the body of the proposal and or
attach appendices that explain technical information in generally understood
language.
The best basic component of a proposal, as with any other
written document is simple. It needs a beginning (the introduction), a middle
(the body of material to be presented) and an end (the conclusion recommendation).
THE
CONCEPT OF PROPOSAL
A proposal is a designed
work plan mapped out approval and implementation. A proposal is a systematic
articulation of materials, finance and labour needed for the actualization of a
given task, project and target business venture or progrmme.
FORMS
OF PROPOSALS
We
have the following forms of proposal. They are:
1.
Research proposal
2.
Project proposal
3.
Business proposal
4.
Administrative proposal
5.
Budget proposal
1.
Research
Proposal: This proposal is mainly used when carrying out
researches. Researches of those kind concern project writing at institutions of
higher learning (writing long essays); writing this is for master’s degree,
writing dissertations for doctorate degree candidates; publication works
(articles) for workshops, seminars, conferences and other task involving
academic researches. It is from this proposal that the researcher uses to
facilitate the proper project writing tasks. It is just like the skeletal structures
of the project (or thesis and dissertations) having in stock all those
important parts of the research.
2.
Project
Proposal: This proposal is the one that carries, at a glance, all
that basically concerns the project in question. This involves, introduction description,
processes involved, quality control, financial involvement, manpower,
materials, machines, natural and other important resources involved. The
proposal must spell out and explicate what the project will take, how it will
be, how it will be carried out to suit the taste of the authorities concerned,
etc.
3.
Business
Proposal: Business proposal is a written offer from a seller to a
prospective buyer. It also means the proposal of a particular line of business
to be put in place. Bringing new line of business into existence and operation
requires a proposal to that effect before causing it into existence
(establishing it).
4.
Administrative
Proposal: An administrative proposal is a proposal made in order
to execute or implement assigned policies and programmes of the institution,
organization/establishment or public service. This can be called for by the
authorities in charge to the members of the public and those of the consultants
and expertrates. This occurs through calling or giving invitation for bidding.
Through this, government programmes and projects are successfully contracted to
companies that meet up with the demands of the board or bureau like the public
procurement, tenders board, etc.
5.
Budget
proposal: The budget proposal is the proposal that contains and
stipulates the articulated project, programmes, plans, works and financial
responsibilities of the state, country local authorities and the establishment.
Budget proposal itemizes and show cases as the blueprint of projects and programmes,
policies and functions, works and polices of a given geographical setting.
Budget proposal presents, for sample purposes, what is needed and how to go
about it.
Technically, budget proposal
is a request presented by the executive to the legislature or legislating
executive council for spending in a given budgeting year.
STRUCTURE
OF A PROPOSAL
THE
INTRODUCTION
The introduction presents
and summarizes the problem you intend to solve and your solution to that
problem, including the benefits the audience will receive from the solution and
the cost of that solution.
v THE BODY
The
body of the proposal should explain the complete details of the solution: how
the job will be done, broken into separate tasks; what method will be used to
do it including the equipment, materials, and personnel that would be required,
when the work will begin, and when the job will be completed. It should also
present a detailed cost breakdown for the entire job.
v THE CONCLUSION
The
conclusion should emphasize the benefits that the reader will realize from your
solution to the problem and should urge the reader into action. It should be
encouraging, confident and assertive in tone.
Proposals are informative and
persuasive writing because they attempt to educate the reader and to convince
that reader to do something. The goal of the writer is not only to persuade the
reader to do what is being requested, but also to make the reader believe that
the solution is practical and appropriate. In persuasive proposal writing, the
case is built by the demonstration of logic in the approach taken in the
solution. Facts must lead logically and invariably to the conclusion and
solution presented. Evidence should be given in descending order of importance
beginning with the most important evidence leading and the least important at
the end. Any question that the reader might pose should be anticipatedly
answered in a way that it reflects the position of your proposal. It is
important that the writer also, considers all sides of argument proving other
alternative solution to the problem, but showing how the one chosen is superior
to the others.
There are several formats to a
proposal, but the one that has the greatest flexibility and has achieved the
widest acceptance is as follows:
FRONT MATTER
·
Letter of transmittal
·
The page
·
Project summary (approximately, 200 word
abstract)
Introduction
Body
v Project
proposal (includes statement of the problem, proposal
solution(s) programme of implementation, conclusion/recommendations)
conclusion/Recommendations
Back matter
Bibliography and/or works
cited
Qualifications (of writer(s)
and or project implementations)
Budget
v (Itemizing
of expenses in the implementation and operation of the proposal plan, and
detail of materials, facilities, equipment and personnel). Appendices
PLANNING
SHEET FOR A PROPOSAL
v What
is the subject of the proposal? (This should base on the thesis of your
proposal)
v For
whom is this proposal intended?
v How
do you intend the proposal to be used?
What is the deadline (date)
for the proposal and for tentative implementation of the proposed solution?
PURPOSE OF THE PROPOSAL
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
PROPOSED SOLUTION(S) OR
PLAN(S)
INCLUDING THE METHODS OR
PROCEDURES;
CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS
Additional information to be
used in
Explication of the proposed
solutions
(This includes costs,
personnel and their qualifications, Training, etc)
§ Types
and subject matter of appendices to be included in the proposal
§ Works
cited/References used in the text of the proposal.
§ Bibliography
of related source information.
FORMAT
FOR THE PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL
Abstract
or summary of the proposal:
(This is a condensed version
of the longer work, and it summarizes and highlights the major points it
includes, the subject, scope purpose, methods, and obtained results of the
study, as well as any recommendation and conclusions made).
Introduction
(This gives the background
and states the purpose of the proposal).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
CONCLUSION
Additional information
(To include expense
statements, cost savings, profit and Loss projections, Equipment, materials and
personnel needs, completion schedules, efficiency studies, writer’s
qualifications, etc)
Appendices
(Presentation of charts,
graphs, illustrations, etc).
Works cited/References
Types of proposal
1.
PRELIMINARY
PROPOSAL OR WHITE PAPER: This type of proposal is requested when
a sponsor wishes to minimize an applicant’s effort in preparing a full
proposal. They are usually in the form of a letter of intent or a brief
abstract of what the P1 plans to do, how the P1 will conduct the project and
why this project has merits A preliminary or pre-proposal establishes a
foundation for discussion. It does not commit the P1 the authority concerned.
Since these proposals often do become the basis for negotiation for funding. If
a budget is included in the submission, proposal service will route it for the
appropriate university signatures. When requested by the sponsor, the proposal
may be used to determine how well the project fits the agency’s priorities.
Also, the preliminary proposal may determine selection for the next stage of
the application, help in the selection of possible reviewers and possibly
offers a chance for feedback to the P1. After the proposal is reviewed, the
sponsor notifies the investigator if a full proposal is warranted.
2.
FORMAL
PROPOSAL: Although the prescribed format of any of these proposals
will vary, all should be prepared in the same general manner. A formal proposal
normally fits into one of the following categories.
i.
Unsolicited
proposal: This proposal is submitted to a sponsor that generally
has not issued a specific solicitation but is believed by the investigator to
have an interest in the subject. The unsolicited proposal is developed around
general agency guidelines within a specific subject field, where the scope of
the project is not limited by specific solicitation guidelines unsolicited
proposal may be submitted any time, although, there may be target submission
dates set to meet particular review panel meetings.
ii.
Solicited
proposal: (response to a specific programme) This category can
include Broad Agency Announcements (BAA) Requests for proposal (RFO) and
Request for Quotation (RFQ). A proposal submitted to a specific programme
should conform to the solicitation guidelines issued by the agency. Proposals
submitted in response to a BAA are usually accepted at anytime during a
specified time frame, which may be as long as 2 to 3 years. To respond to an
RFP or RFQ, the proposed project would have to fit the needs described in the
specific work statement developed by the funding agency. A RFP or RFQ is
usually specific in its requirements regarding format and technical content and
may stipulate certain award terms and conditions. They usually have a “hart”
deadline. If the proposal arrives late, it normally will not be considered.
Also most are one time solicitations to fit a specific need that is not
experienced enough.
3. CONTINUATION OR NON-COMPETING PROPOSALS
This
is a request for financial assistance for a second or subsequent budget period
within a previously approved project period. This type of proposal confirms the
original proposal and funding requirements of the multi-year project. Continued
support is usually contingent on satisfactory work progress as verified in a
required report, and the availability and funds.
4.
Renewal of competing proposals
These
types of proposals are request for continued support for an existing project
that is about to terminate, and form the sponsor is viewpoints generally have
the same status as an unsolicited proposal. Competing continuation proposals
compete with other competing supplemental and new proposals for funds.
5.
Supplemental proposal” A supplemental
proposal is a request for an increase in support during a current budget period
for expansion of the projects scope or research protocol or to meet increased
administrative costs unforeseen at the time of the new non-competing
continuation, or computing continuation application.
COMPONENTS
OF A PROPOSAL
The following are components
of a proposal in descending order:
Statement
of Need
The
project Description
The Budget
Organizational
information
Letter
proposal
Conclusion
BUSINESS PROPOSAL
Business proposal is a
written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer. Business proposals are
often a key step in the complex sales process that is whenever a buyer
considers more than price in a purchase.
A proposal puts the buyer’s requirements in a context that
favours the seller’s products and services, and educates the buyer about the
capabilities of the seller in satisfying their needs. A successful proposal
results in a sale, where both parties get what they want a win-win situation.
TYPES
OF BUSINESS PROPOSAL
There are three types of proposal.
They are:
1.
Formally solicited proposal
2.
Informally solicited proposal
3.
Unsolicited proposal
1.
Formally
Solicited Proposal: Solicited proposals are written in response
to published requirements contained in a request for proposal. Request for
proposal provides detailed specifications of what the customer wants to buy and
sometimes include directions for preparing the proposal as well as evaluation
criteria the customer will use to evaluate offers. Customers issue RFPs when
their needs cannot be met with generally available products or services. RFLs
are issued to qualify the vendors who are interested in providing
services/products for specific requirements. Based on the response to RFI
detailed RFP is issued to qualified vendors who the organization believes can
provide desired service. Proposals in response to RFPs are seldomless than 10
pages and sometimes 1000 of pages.
Request
for Quotation (RFQ)
Customers issue RFQs when
they want to buy large amount of a commodity and prices not the only issue for
example, when availability of or delivering of services are considered. RFQs
can be very detailed, so proposals written to RFQs can be lengthy but generally
much shorter than an RFP proposal.
RFQ proposals consist
primarily of cost data with small narratives addressing customer issues, such
as quality control.
Invitation
for Bid (IFB)
Customer issue (IFB) when
they are buying some service such as construction. The requirements are detailed
but the primary consideration is price. For example a customer provides
architectural blueprints for contractors to bid on. This proposal can be lengthy
but most of its stretching legnthing factor comes from cost estimating data and
detailed schedules.
Request
for Information
Sometimes before a customer
issues a RFI or RFQ or IFB, the customer will issue a Request for Information (RFI).
The purpose of the request for information is to gain marketing intelligence”
about what products, series and vendors are available, RFIs are used to shape
final RFPs, RFQs and IFBs, so potential vendors take great care in responding
to these request, hoping to shape the eventual formal solicitation toward their
products or services.
2. Information solicited proposal
Informally
solicited proposals are typically the result of conversation held between a
vendor and a prospective customer. The customer is interested enough in a
product or service to ask for a proposal. Typically, the customer does not ask
for competing proposals from other vendors. This type of proposal is known as
sole source proposal. There are no formal requirements to respond to just the
information gleaned from customer meetings. There proposals are typically less
than 25 pages, with many less than 5 pages.
3.
Unsolicited
Proposal: Unsolicited proposals are marketing brochure. They are
always generic, with no direct connection between customer needs or specified
requirements. Vendors use them to introduce a product or service to a
prospective customer. They are often used as “leave behinds” at the end of
initial meetings with customers or give aways at trade shows or other public
meetings. They are not designed to close a sale.
Components
of formally solicited proposal
a.
Requirements material, which matches customer
requirements with the paragraph and page numbers of where those requirements
are addressed in the proposal.
b.
Executive summary which outlines the primary
benefits of the vendor’s solutions to the customer’s requirements.
c.
Technical volume, which demonstrates how each
requirement will be met.
d.
Management volume, which describes how the
programme will be managed
e.
Cost volume, which provides all costing data,
as well as implementation plans and schedules.
INFORMALLY
SOLICITED
BUSINESS
PROPOSAL
a.
A description of the seller’s capabilities or
products.
b.
A discussion of key issues
c.
A description of the buyer’s specification
and how they will be met
d.
The cost of the offering
e.
Proof of prior experience, that is,
testimonials from previous customers, description of previous projects.
MANAGEMENT
OF BUSINESS PROPOSAL OR MANAGING BUSINESS PROPOSAL
Managing business proposals
presents an enormous challenge for sales and marketing teams. Many established
management methods are ill-suited to deal with the broader issues associated
with the production and delivery of proposal.
The process of proposal
management
Proposal management is an
inherently collaborative process. It often consists of the following basic
roles and responsibilities.
a.
Creator
responsible for creating and editing content.
b.
Editor
responsible
for turning the content message and the style of delivery, including
translation and localization.
c.
Publisher:
responsible for releasing the content for use.
d.
Administrator:
responsible for managing access permissions to documents and their usually
accomplished by assigning access rights to user groups or role.
e.
Consumer:
or
viewer- the person who reads or otherwise takes in content after it is
published or shared increasingly. The term proposal management is being used to
suggest that engagement with the proposal process is important to more than
just the sales team, and should also affect those working in marketing legal
sales. There is also an increase trend towards using proposal management soft
ware that allow users to quickly and easily create proposals, collaborate with
team
members, track and analysis customer engagement.
Do you have need for a business plan on any business or for bank loan? Call: 08036721009,07088788710 or send e-mail to; bizideasvestergmail.com on payment of Twenty thousand five hundred naira, into our company's account; thus:
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